History of koi

Koi fish is one type of ornamental fish carp. Fish goldfish or carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a freshwater fish that is worth economically important and widespread in Indonesia. In Indonesia, goldfish have a few titles of the kancra, tikeu, tombro, king, rayo, ameh or other names according to the endemic area.

In Japan, the fish is called Nishikigoi (Cyprinus carpadie). That is, the colorful fish. Goi itself means carp. Koi is derived from Chinese.

The origins of Koi fish
According to the Reuters, the fish is said to have originated from Persia, brought to Japan through China and Korea. And growing rapidly since about 160 years ago. The emergence of colorful koi fish are hybrids and cultivated for hundreds of years. At first, farmers in Japan could only produce a single color varieties of koi, black koi yakji (Karasugoi, Sumigoi), white (Shiromuji), red (Akagoi, Benigoi, and Higoi), yellow (Kigoi), golden (Kingoi), and silvery white (Gingoi).

From one color, then comes koi two colors, namely Kohako (white and red), and Shiro Shiro Utsuri bekko (black and white). Then, the next emerging koi three colors, namely Taisho Sanke and Showa Sanshoku (red, black, white). And next, multi-colored koi melahirnya like Goshiki, composed of elements of the base color blue splotches of red, black, dark blue, and white.

Then, from crosses with German carp called non scaly carp (goi Kagami) around the year 1904, producing koi partly scaly and some do not. The fish is called Ditsu Nishikigoi. To date, it is estimated more than 18 major varieties of koi fish.  

source : jendelakamu.blogspot.com 

Autofocus

An autofocus (or AF) optical system uses a sensor, a control system and a motor to focus fully automatic or on a manually selected point or area. An electronic rangefinder has a display instead of the motor; the adjustment of the optical system has to be done manually until indication. The methods are named by the used sensor: Active, passive and hybrid.

There are 3 method :
Active focus

Active AF systems measure distance to the subject independently of the optical system, and subsequently adjust the optical system for correct focus.

There are various ways to measure distance, including ultrasonic sound waves and infrared light. In the first case, sound waves are emitted from the camera, and by measuring the delay in their reflection, distance to the subject is calculated. Polaroid cameras including the Spectra and SX-70 were known for successfully applying this system. In the latter case, infrared light is usually used to triangulate the distance to the subject. Compact cameras including the Nikon 35TiQD and 28TiQD, the Canon AF35M, and the Contax T2 and T3, as well as early video cameras, used this system.

An exception to the two-step approach is the mechanical autofocus provided in some enlargers, which adjust the lens directly.

Passive focus

Passive AF systems determine correct focus by performing passive analysis of the image that is entering the optical system. They generally do not direct any energy, such as ultrasonic sound or infrared light waves, toward the subject. (However, an autofocus assist beam of usually infrared light is required when there is not enough light to take passive measurements.) Passive autofocusing can be achieved by phase detection or contrast measurement.

Hybrid focus
In a hybrid autofocus system, focus is achieved by combining two or more methods, such as:

1.     Active and passive methods.
2.     Phase detection and contrast measurement.

The double effort is typically used to speed up and improve AF function. In July, 2010, Fujifilm announced a compact camera, the F300EXR, which included a hybrid autofocus system consisting of both phase-detection and contrast-based elements. The sensors implementing the phase-detection AF in this camera are integrated into the camera's Super CCD EXR. Currently it is used by Fujifilm FinePix Series, Ricoh, Nikon 1 series and Canon EOS 650D/Rebel T4i.

source : wikipedia.org

Compare between full frame camera and crop camera

Have you heard about full frame camera and crop camera?,how is difference?.Now i wil explain the different of full frame camera and crop camera.
As you know, the digital camera is the development of film cameras. And in the days of film SLR cameras only know one film size: 24mm x 36mm. SLR digital era, the camera uses sensors to replace the function of a piece of film. What often makes bingun is, the size of the sensor used in DSLR cameras vary. DSLR camera has two main versions: a full frame camera and crop camera (APSC and Four Third).

Full Frame DSLR Camera
CONTAX is the first time you try to make a DSLR camera with the same sensor size to the size of the film (24 x 36mm) with CONTAX N Digital. Since sales did not meet expectations, CONTAX finally stopped production of this camera. Canon followed a year later, in 2002, with their full frame DSLR cameras; Canon EOS 1Ds a different sales disegi fate with CONTAX. 

DSLR camera or APS-C Crop

At its core is a crop DSLR cameras that use sensor size smaller than the size of the film by a factor of cutting (crop factor) of 1.5 or 1.6 for APS-C class or 2 times for Four Third grade. 

Advantages Compared Camera Full Frame Full Frame Camera

By using sensors more big physical size, there are several advantages of a full frame camera, including:

1. Photo of a full frame camera less noise, a trivial way: full frame camera with a larger sensor has more light-sensitive components, and therefore are more sensitive then the darkness they saw more clearly than cameras with smaller sensors.
2. Full frame camera has a lot more detail photo, it is due to more light-sensitive components as described above.
3. Full frame camera has a narrower sharp, sharp space aka depth of field (DOF) has an inverse relationship with the size of the sensor, so the camera has an full frame DOF is narrower than the crop camera for the same focal length. Narrow DOF that allows us to create images with more bokeh okay (see photo this dibanwah).
4. Having viewfinder bigger and brighter, almost all cameras have full frame viewfinder bigger and brighter than the crop camera. This allows us to rearrange photos.
5. Full frame better when shooting wide, 10mm lens when used on a full frame camera 10mm still lens, but when used on camera crop would be a 15mm lens (crop 1.5 times), so it can not be as wide as in full frame

source : belajarfotgrafi.com  

Did you know about your images sensor?(CMOS)

This time i will explain one kind of images sensor,yes it is CMOS.You already know,there's 2 kind of images sensor that usually used,CCD and CMOS.
Both CCD and CMOS sensors, both long enough although initially developed CMOS quality is less than the CCD. Then it's CCD initially preferred for use in digital cameras while CMOS is only intended for use in a camera gadget. Gradually, the research has been successful in improving the quality of CMOS sensors in hopes could match the quality of a CCD sensor. CCD sensor itself is now just beginning to be developed for a camera gadget, otherwise an increasingly refined CMOS sensor was implemented in digital cameras. A cross marks the difference was no longer significant in terms of image quality between the two. Now in DSLR cameras and upper middle class are now using CMOS sensors, while still using CCD DSLR economical. Most of the non-DSLR cameras still use CCD sensors.

practical sensor chip includes ADC circuit (camera on a chip)

The advantages of this sensor are :

1.      thanks to power-saving integrated system
2.      responsive processes speeds (thanks parralel readout structure)
3.      each pixel has its own transistor thus avoid the problem of smearing or blooming

The advantages of this sensor are :

1. technology maturation process (to match the quality of the CCD need to be expensive)
2. pixels with a transistor in it lowers the sensitivity of pixels (light receiving area is reduced) 
3. pixel is able to issue its own voltage poor performance in terms of uniformity (uniformity)  

 

Did you know about your images sensor?(CCD)

Did you know about your images sensor?.Do you have a camera?.Theres two kind of images sensor that used on camera that usually used,they are CMOS and CCD.Whats that? and how theys work?,let me explain.
An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used mostly in digital cameras, camera modules and other imaging devices.A CCD image sensor is an analog device. When light strikes the chip it is held as a small electrical charge in each photo sensor. The charges are converted to voltage one pixel at a time as they are read from the chip. Additional circuitry in the camera converts the voltage into digital information.
The advantages of this sensor are :
1. Mature technology 
2. Simple sensor design (cheaper)
3. High sensitivity (including dynamic range)
4. Each pixel has the same performance (uniform)
 The disvantages of this sensor are :
1. Overall system design (CCD plus ADC) to be more complicated and wasteful power
2. Overall processing speed is slower than CMOS
3. Sensitive to smearing or blooming (leaking pixels) while capturing the light brighter
This is how ccd works :

Source :
wikipedia.org
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